Human papillomavirus (HPV) leads to the development of the skin epithelium, the mucous membrane of the genital area and the upper respiratory tract. Less often it affects the internal organs - esophagus, bronchi, rectum, bladder. As a result of the activity of the virus, various forms of neoplasms are formed. Some of them are quite benign in nature and some carry the threat of cancerous tumors. In which cases does special care and removal of the nipple need? The article will tell about it.
The route of infection
Infection occurs after contact with a virus carrier, as well as with a sick person or animal. It is worth noting that an infected person may be completely devoid of clinical manifestations of papilloma. Sometimes he does not even know about his infection. The virus penetrates the human body through micro-lesions on the skin or mucous membranes. Individual virus particles are sufficient to develop an infectious process. The virus is able to maintain its viability in the environment. This is why self-infection is also possible during hygiene procedures and in daily life (shaving, waxing, skin combing, self-injections). The baths, the swimming pools, the gyms, etc. are considered the main public breeding grounds for the transmission of the infection. Mass illnesses have been reported among students. A newborn can become infected with the human papillomavirus when it passes through the mother's birth canal.
Types of HPV
To date, scientists have identified about 180 types of HPV, of which 29 strains are considered oncogenic. Depending on the oncogenic potential, they are divided into viruses:
- low degree of tumor activity (types 6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70, 72, 81),
- average degree of tumor activity (types 26, 31, 33, 35, 51, 52, 53, 58, 66)
- high degree of tumor activity (16, 18, 39, 45, 56, 59, 68, 73, 82).
According to the latest data, one or another strain of human papillomavirus can be found in the blood of about 80% of the world's population. However, this does not mean that all infected people have papilloma. What factors cause the development of the disease?
Immunity and papillomas
Why does the virus disappear from the body of some people without a trace, in others it remains for life without consequences and in others it leads to the formation of papillomas? HPV is an infection that is quite capable of suppressing the immune system. In healthy individuals and in carriers of viruses, a strong immune system is observed that suppresses the proliferation of a foreign factor. The specific role of cellular immunity has been confirmed. It inhibits the persistence of the virus at its level (the ability to remain active for a long time outside the acute phase), and in some cases helps to reverse the damage. The automatic remission of papilloma occurs within six months. However, the body's defenses are not at such a high level and then the latent HPV infection turns into an open (manifested) form. The papilloma is formed under the influence of factors such as:
- erratic sex life, frequent change of partners.
- contact with a partner with a history of genital papilloma.
- the presence of concomitant sexually transmitted infections.
- Immune deficiency conditions in vitamin deficiency, atopic dermatitis, pregnancy, AIDS.
- Frequent colds and SARS.
- hormonal contraception;
- autoimmune disease;
- smoking and alcohol.
The skin, which is damaged or prone to inflammation, becomes a strong provocative factor, ceasing to perform a protective function. Therefore, people with inflammatory skin diseases (acne, rashes), eczema, dermatitis, psoriasis are at risk.
Respiratory papillomatosis
Recurrent respiratory papilloma is the most common benign tumor of the larynx. In the respiratory tract, the papilloma occurs in any area - from the nasopharynx to the pulmonary parenchyma. But more often it affects the mucous membrane of the larynx. The severity of the disease is determined by the presence of growths in the narrower area, which contributes to respiratory obstruction, up to suffocation. In adults, it is considered obligatory precancerous cancer due to a high degree of malignancy (degeneration into a malignant tumor). The main symptom of the disease is usually hoarseness, which then develops into a loss of vocal sound. The patient remains able to speak in a whisper. In the first stage, the manifestation of respiratory papilloma is sometimes confused with acute laryngitis. Therefore, it is impossible to prescribe treatment without endoscopic examination. Various physiotherapy procedures in the laryngeal area lead to the rapid development of the papilla.
Baby warts
Warts are benign skin growths that occur mainly in children and adolescents. They develop on the face, arms, neck, often causing their owners many emotional problems. However, more than 70% of these types of papillomas disappear without a trace within 1. 5 - 2 years. Therefore, doctors resort to their removal only in extreme cases, because with the end of hormonal changes, it is very likely that the body will deal with the HPV infection on its own. Additional risk factors in childhood are the frequent stress associated with study and exam success, overwork, lack of sleep, malnutrition, thin skin in babies, acne in adolescents.
It is necessary to remove the nipples on the skin
Some tumors degenerate into malignant. This process can not be ignored if one is careful about oneself. It is necessary to sound the alarm if one of the symptoms is detected:
- The papilla changes in size and configuration (grows rapidly, the edges are blurred, additional growths and seals are formed).
- the color of the tumor changes to dark.
- the inflammatory process unites, the skin peels, cracks, sweats.
- pain occurs.
All of the above are indications for the removal of increases. It is also worth resorting to a radical method of problem solving if the nipple is in places accessible for daily injury (in the neck, armpits, waist area, etc. ). Continuous grazing and rubbing can initiate the oncological process and also contribute to the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms.
Tumor removal methods
The destructive methods of treatment of skin growths are divided into:
- chemical (80-90% trichloroacetic acid and other drugs).
- physical (plasma coagulation, cryodestruction, laser treatment, electrosurgery).
If removal is expected in adolescents or pregnant women, then only laser treatment is used. After the disaster, the use of topical antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs is indicated.
But the main method of eliminating laryngeal papillae is endolaryngeal surgery under anesthesia using microsurgery or laser surgery, after which stable remission is recorded in only one third of patients. In practice, a combined approach is used: additional cryopreservation takes place (with a local form of the disease), topical anticancer drugs are prescribed. The most common is inhalation with a special solution.